Understanding Arrays in PHP

Understanding Arrays in PHP An array is a systemic arrangement of objects. Hum, what does this mean? Well in programming an array is a type of data structure. Each array can hold several pieces of information. It’s sort of like a variable in that it stores data, but not at all like a variable in that instead of storing one bit of information it can store many pieces of information. Let’s start with an example. Let’s say that you are storing information about people. You could have a variable that stored my name â€Å"Angela†. But in an array, you could store my name, my age, my height, my In this sample code, we will look at storing two bits of information at a time, the first being somebody’s name and the second being their favorite color. ?php $friend[0] Kevin; $friend[1] Bradley†; $friend[2] Alexa; $friend[3] Devin; $color[Kevin] â€Å"Teal†; $color[Bradley] â€Å"Red†; $color[Alexa] â€Å"Pink†; $color[Devin] â€Å"Red†; print My friends names are . $friend[0] . , . $friend[1] . , . $friend[2] . , and . $friend[3]; print p; print Alexa ‘s favorite color is . $color[Alexa] . .; ? In this example code, you can see that the friend array is sorted by number, and contains a list of friends. In the second array, color, instead of using numbers it uses strings to identify the different bits of information. The identifier used to retrieve data from the array is called it’s key. In our first example, the keys were integers 0, 1, 2, and 3. In our second example, the keys were strings. In both cases, we are able to access the data held in the array by using both the array’s name, and the key. Like variables, arrays always start with a dollar sign ($array) and they are case sensitive. They can not start with an underscore or a number, you must start them with a letter. So, to put it simply, an array is kind of like a variable with lots of little variables inside of it. But what exactly do you do with an array? And how is it useful to you as a PHP programmer? In practice, you will probably never create an array like the one in the example above. The most useful thing you can do with an array in PHP is to use it to hold information you get form somewhere else. Having your websites information stored in an MySQL database is not uncommon. When your website needs certain information it simply accesses your database, and wha-laa, on demand data. Let’s say you have a database of people who live in your city. You now want to search that database and print out records for anyone named â€Å"Tom†. How would you go about doing this? You would read through the database for people named Tom, and then pull their name and all the other information about them from the database, and place it in an array inside of your program. You are then able to cycle through this array, and print out the information or store it to use elsewhere in your program. On the surface, an array might not look that interesting to you, but when you do more programming and start storing more complex data structures you will find you are often writing them to arrays when they need to be used.

Corporate Finance High School Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Corporate Finance High School - Essay Example That is, organizations need to be structured in such a way so the agent will expect that diligently serving the interests of his or her principals will also be in his or her own long-run best interests. In order to accomplish this, the principals need to be reasonably clever in setting up the initial rules of the game that are set in the employment contract , sufficiently vigilant in keeping track of their agents' quality of performance over time, and willing to bear at least some minimum level of "agency costs" in order to provide the necessary incentives There are many definitions for the term ethical investment, and what this term entails. Ritsie Lowry, maintainer of the GoodMoney site1 suggests that "In one sense, ethical investment is just like traditional investment. Ethical investors pursue the same economic goals as all investors: capital gains, higher income and/or preservation of capital for future needs. However, ethical investors want one additional thing. They don't want their investments going for thing that cause harm to the social or physical environments, and they do want their investments to support needed and life-supportive goods and services". From this certain definition we are able to realize that ethical investment is similar to the conventional investment, but differs to the fact that it needs one more requirement. Ethical Investors are very strict as far as the kind of business their money is going to fund. Many researches have proved that the ethical investors prefer to invest their money ethically although they know beforehand that the investment will not be as lucrative as a traditional investment. Russell Sparkes 2 in his book mentions "Repeated surveys (the last by Minitel in 1991) have shown that around 40% of the public want their money invested ethically. Interestingly enough, most of those in favor said that they would make ethical investments even if they knew that the returns would be lower than on conventional investments". Nevertheless there exist some facts which prove that ethical investment is quiet lucrative and in some cases more lucrative than the traditional investment. Weidner Investments3, point out four reasons, why the ethical investment is more profitable: 1) Management of the ethical company can focus on genuine growth without worrying about public reactions 2) Legal and hassle related costs are minimal 3) Brand loyalty is less expensive to maintain 4) Active ethical investors and consumers will give the firm free advertising again and again All these points seem quiet rational and representative of reality. We can assume that ethical

Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 29

Case Study - Essay Example This is also vital in increasing the customer numbers of the business which has increased the profitability. (Anonymous, 2010) Andy Garafallos success in the restaurant business does not come in solidarity but with the help of her three managers; Kelly, Daniella and Patrick. The manager’s attributes have been instrumental in the growth of the business. Kelly who is the kitchen manager exhibits good leadership skills. This can be observed in her ordering ability. This implies that she has taken control in the kitchen for work to flow effectively. She is also efficient in her work. This is important for a manager for it avoids wastes during the production process and this ensures that the profits are maximized. Kelly also is honest which a key characteristic of a good manager is. This enables that finances are held accountable without embezzlement and that she remains loyal to the job. Kelly has such difficulty getting along with the salespeople, delivery people, and wait staff. She need to improve her collaboration skills to enable her go along well with the salespeople. Danniella has strong communication skills. This ability enables him to convince and also understand the customers’ needs. This is vital for the growth and sustainability of the business. This consideration of putting the customers first is key to make them loyal to the business. She is also collaborative and this enable her to be very hospitable and welcoming to the customers which ensures that the customers comes again.However,Danniella needs to improve in her critical thinking and not become lousy in numbers. Her relationship with customers should go a long way to increase them. Patrick is ethical and has communication skills to make the customers to come. This is important in the business since customers tend to understand the products that are offered by the business.

Moral Problem Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Moral Problem Paper - Essay Example It will be argued that the U.S. participation in the possible humanitarian mission in Syria will be rather precarious from the point of view of Utilitarian moral theory, yet it may be conceivably justified by the use of Kantian ethics. FACTUAL DETAILS The incumbent President of the United States of America, Barack Obama assumed his office on 20 January 2009, and until the present time he has weathered a lot of major political crises, both of internal and external nature, in the course of his Presidency. In particular, Obama’s handling of the 2011 Middle East political upheaval is peculiarly contradictory, with the White House ignoring the crackdown on the protesters in Bahrain and Yemen, while enforcing the no-fly zone over Libya and supporting anti-government rebels in the latter nation. At the same time, it should be noted that Obama is widely perceived as a moderate, yet politically savvy character that combines his outwardly friendly appearance with the well-tested politic al experience. Irrespective of the domestic policy controversies in the U.S., it should be noted that Obama has managed to create a favourable image abroad, including the Arabic nations. This may be a determining factor in the relatively positive perception of his foreign policy in the Third World. At the same time, one might mention that Obama has repeatedly come under heavy criticism both from the right and the left for his alleged elitism and political indecisiveness, and consequently his major foreign policy decisions are distinguished by cautious and even vacillating attitude. However, as his handling of Afghanistan-Pakistan problem shows, he is perfectly able to resort to rather hard-line foreign policy measures, and he is clearly interested in pursuing a balanced world policy, without making drastic steps similar to those of his predecessor. Finally, the U.S. President is clearly interested in restoring/retaining his previous favourable image worldwide that was marred by the U.S. indecisive behaviour in the course of the global economic crisis, and he might be interested in more active U.S. position concerning the attempts of Middle East dictatorial regimes to suppress the currently rising dissent there. The situation in Syria is made complicated by the precarious balance of power between the supporters and opponents of the current regime. As a rule of thumb, it may be assumed that about 220,000 active personnel of Syrian Armed Forces and the unspecified number of pro-Assad higher bureaucracy, as well as about 1,5 million members of dominant Alawite minority that provides the backbone of support for Assad’s regime, are not interested in any major shifts away from the present situation, while the relatively underprivileged Sunni Arab majority and Kurdish minority (altogether about 81% of Syrian population) might gain much from the collapse of Ba’athist dictatorship and the institution of representative democracy system. With respect to curr ent Syria’s population dynamics, these figures will amount to about 2,000,000 and 16,000,000 persons, respectively. Finally, it should be noted that the pleasures that might be received by the parties to the situation from the pro-intervention course of Obama’s action include both lower pleasures such as guarantees of secure sustenance, and higher pleasures (i.e. the participation in the liberal democratic politics after the dictatorship’

Multicultural Issues For Malaysians

Multicultural Issues For Malaysians Malaysia is a country which consists of multiracial culture, ethnics, and races. Malaysia is made up of three main races: Malay, Chinese and Indian. Ethnic races consist of Iban, Dayak, Kadazan and many other minorities. Even the Chinese in Malaysia comes from different ethnic groups and speak different dialects. Similarly, the Indians in Malaysia come from different parts of India and they speak different languages and even have different culture. The fact that Malaysia consist of so many races and ethnic group makes it a gastronomical paradise. Different races and ethnic groups have their own way of serving food and their own eating culture. Tourists who come to Malaysia will experience a multiracial and multicultural country first hand. Furthermore, if you were to take a look into Malaysian history, Malaysia has been colonized by many western countries, such as the Portuguese, Dutch, Siam, Japanese and also British. They leave behind not only war traits but also various culture an d buildings. However, when it comes to formal dinners, usually traditional Malay food or western food are served. In some occasions where the government tends to promote unity in the country, fusion of food from the three races might be served at the same time. If we were to attend Chinese wedding dinner, we realized that most of the time, the dishes that are served are almost the same. That is called the Chinese set menu. Each itinerary in the Chinese set menu has its own distinct meaning behind it. Each dish has a history behind it. The first course of the Chinese set menu is often an even-numbered selection of cold dishes; eight or ten are traditionally served. After the cold course comes a showy soup such as sharks fin soup or birds nest soup. The guests help themselves to the dishes at a banquet, but the soup is served by the host, and much drinking and toasting accompanies it. Following the soup comes a decorative meat dish, more courses follow lobster, pork, scallops and chicken. Between the courses, a variety of sweets are brought out. Peking duck with scallion brushes, hoisin sauce, and thin pancakes are often served in the middle of the festivities. Traditionally, the final course is a whole fish, which is placed on the table with its head pointes towards the guest of honor. Throughout the meal, the guests pay elaborate compliments to the food. Enjoyment of the food offered is much more important than sparkling dinner table conversation. At a banquet, the food itself is the medium communicating the host s good wishes and the hoy of the celebration. Noodles are often served in a Chinese set menu during wedding dinners or birthday celebration dinners. Noodles occupy an important position in Chinese cuisine. Actually, the Chinese were the inventors of noodles, and they were brought to the European noodle country, Italy, by Marco Polo in the 13th century. The Chinese do have a seemingly very logical reason why the longer noodles are better. To the superstitious Chinese race, long noodles mean long life or longevity. Making noodles the traditional Chinese way is an acrobatic art. The dough is pulled and whirled through the air in order to stretch it through centrifugal force; but today other techniques or machines are being used. In Chinese cuisine, noodles can be served in three ways: in a clear coup with meat and some vegetables, or mixed with meat and with a thickened sauce poured over or without sauce; whereas for noodles with sauce egg noodles (mien) are commonly used, its bijon noodles if served without sauce. Egg noodle dished with sauce appear on Chinese menus with English translation often specified as fried. This is grossly misleading as they are mostly just barely sauted. There is nothing crisp in such a fried dish, and the rather tasteless cornstarch sauce gives the dish a porridge texture. Another important part in the Chinese set menu is soup. Often in Chinese wedding dinners, sharks fin soup is being served as the second menu after the cold dish. Soups in Chinese set menu differ from western soups as Chinese soup uses cornstarch as a thickening agent unlike western soups where they use cream. The two famous Chinese soups, shark fin soup and the birds nest soup appear to be thickened but the glutinous texture does, in neither case, result from the addition of cornstarch but from the two main ingredients, shark fin and birds nests which are simmered for many hours. Soups in Chinese set menu are dated back as long as the history of noodles does. Chinese in China use drink soup to warm themselves up during winter. Nowadays if we were to look in to common house cooking dishes, there must be at least a dish which is made of soups. Soups are considered to be one of the seasonings in Chinese cooking. Even noodles, are served in soups. Fish is considered as a must in Chinese set menu or Chinese wedding banquet. Fish has symbolic significance in Chinese culture. In Chinese, the sound of fish is yu which sounds like the word for riches or abundance. Hence, Chinese people believe that fish is a symbol of abundance and prosperity. Serving fish in a Chinese wedding banquet is to wish the people have an abundant and prosperous life in future. Fish can either be steamed or deep fried. However, fish in Chinese wedding banquet is normally steamed and served with a specially prepared sauce which consists of soy sauce and oil. As said earlier, according to Chinese believe, fish is normally served in Chinese banquet with the fish head heading towards the host. Sea cucumber is another important ingredient in Chinese cooking. Sea cucumber is mostly found in Chinese New Year dishes as it is always cook with many other ingredients with special meanings behind it. Serving sea cucumber with other vegetable is a symbol of selflessness. This is because in Chinese, sea cucumber sounds like good heart. This course is to wish the newlyweds to think in a similar way and encourage them to avoid conflict by cultivating a good heart. Sea cucumber is also considered as one of the exotic seafood. As a highly graded sea cucumber may exceed the price of shark fins. In some expensive Chinese restaurants, a sea cucumber dish maybe as expensive as RM500. Finally, after all the mouth-watering dishes, comes the dessert. In Chinese set menu banquet, various kinds of fine desserts are served to customers. Here, we should discuss about sweet red bean soup and sweet buns. In olden days, red bean soup is considered as food for poor people. Red beans are relatively cheap and its filling. However, nowadays seldom people like to cook and eat red bean soup. Thats why, red bean soup is considered as a high-class dessert in Chinese set menu. In Chinese banquet menu, red bean soup and sweet buns are served to wish the newlyweds a sweet life. The sweet red bean soup contains lotus seeds and bark-like vegetables which signify togetherness. CONCLUSION (Q1) While most Chinese wedding menus are prearranged for you, you can of course change the menu to suit your liking. If you have a good handful of specific crowd that wish for something different than generic offerings, do request for some alterations to suit your guests requirements. Some might think that consumption of food is a vital part of the chemical process of life but to most Chinese, the consumption of food is far more than just vital. The only other activity we engage in that is of comparable importance to our lives and to the life of our species is sex. As Kao Tzu, a Warring States-period philosopher and keen observer of human nature, said, Appetite for food and sex is nature. In fact, the importance of food in understanding human culture lies precisely in its infinite variability -variability that is not essential for species survival. For survival needs, all men everywhere could eat the same food, to be measured only in calories, fats, carbohydrates, proteins, and vitamins. But no, people of different backgrounds eat very differently. The basic stuffs from which food is prepared; the ways in which it is preserved, cut up, cooked (if at all); the amount and variety at each meal; the tastes that are liked and disliked; the customs of serving food; the utensils; the beliefs about the foods properties -these all vary. The number of such food variables is great. INTRODUCTION (Q2) A table setting in every country is important as it shows the way of how the food is served and consumed as well as their culture. For instance, for Chinese table settings, they put chopsticks and spoons instead of folks and knives like western table settings. The main reason is that the Chinese cuisine is more to be served and consumed with chopsticks whereas in Western cuisine, there are more foods like steaks, salads, breads or even pastas which are usually consumed with folks and knives instead of chopsticks. In other words, it shows the culture of the country itself as well as also shows partially of the way it is to be consumed. QUESTION 2 F:à «Ã‹Å"ËÅ"à ªÃ‚ ¾Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ ªÃ‚ ºÃ‚ ¼xDCOLLEGE=)SEM.4PRACTICAL KITCHEN AND SERVICEscan0001.jpg The picture above is an example of Chinese table setting. It consists of: Water or tea cups Napkins Chopsticks Chopstick stands Soup spoons Soup bowls Individual plates The picture below is the close up version of the above picture. F:à «Ã‹Å"ËÅ"à ªÃ‚ ¾Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ ªÃ‚ ºÃ‚ ¼xDCOLLEGE=)SEM.4PRACTICAL KITCHEN AND SERVICEscan0002.jpg F:à «Ã‹Å"ËÅ"à ªÃ‚ ¾Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ ªÃ‚ ºÃ‚ ¼xDCOLLEGE=)SEM.4PRACTICAL KITCHEN AND SERVICEscan0003.jpg The picture above shows the Chinese table setting, too but this is the for the VIPs. And it consists of: Tea cup Napkin Wine glass Sauce plate Individual plate Table folk Table knife Table spoon Soup spoon Chopstick Chopstick stand F:à «Ã‹Å"ËÅ"à ªÃ‚ ¾Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ ªÃ‚ ºÃ‚ ¼xDCOLLEGE=)SEM.4PRACTICAL KITCHEN AND SERVICEscan0005.jpg The picture above shows how and what is to be served or to be changed when it comes to serving Chinese cuisine by course by course and the table contains: Individual plates Soup bowls Soup spoons Table spoons Table folks Table knives Water or tea glasses or cups Round and rectangular trays Lastly, the picture below shows the overall environment of a Chinese table setting. F:à «Ã‹Å"ËÅ"à ªÃ‚ ¾Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ ªÃ‚ ºÃ‚ ¼xDCOLLEGE=)SEM.4PRACTICAL KITCHEN AND SERVICEscan0004.jpg CONCLUSION Through completing this assignment I got to have more time to look into the Chinese cuisine as well as the meaning of each and every Chinese cuisine especially when it comes to wedding dinner and also, I never thought that the table setting would be this important however after finishing this assignment I realized that the table setting actually shows and represents the culture.

Determinism in Nella Larsen’s Quicksand Essay -- Nella Larsen Quicksan

Determinism in Nella Larsen’s Quicksand During the Harlem Renaissance, many literary works concentrated on celebrating African American heritage. However, many other writers also began concentrating on the darker theme of naturalism. Nella Larsen’s Quicksand illustrates many elements of this movement. These include a biological determinism, where man is conceived of as controlled by his primitive animal instincts and a sociological determinism, whereby the weak are destroyed and the strong survive in a world of struggle and chance. Helga Crane, Larsen’s protagonist in Quicksand, illustrates the elements of both biological and sociological determinism in her inability to suppress her natural animal instinct to flee uncomfortable situations, and to comfortably conform in either of her opposing communities.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Helga cannot suppress her desire to flee from uncomfortable situations in any city that she lives in. In Naxos, she convinces herself that she is leaving a place that has â€Å"grown into a machine† (4). Although the conforming nature of the institution contributes to Helga’s desire to leave, she is also stirred with â€Å"an overpowering desire for action of some sort† (4). Instead of staying in Naxos and fighting a battle against the institute’s conservative attitudes, Helga chooses to flee an unpleasant reality. This exemplifies the â€Å"fight or flight† animal instinct that is said to control behavior in situations that become overwhelming. Instead of fighting, Helga time and time again chooses to leave what becomes unbearable to her. Once the decision is made to leave Naxos, Helga feels â€Å"like a person who had been for months fighting the devil and then unexpectedly had turned around and agreed to do his bidding† (5). Helga knows deep down that leaving Naxos is wrong, but the instinct to flee is so strong that she is powerless to deny it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In New York, Helga is also consumed by the animal instinct of flight. When Dr. Anderson calls on her after a chance meeting at a nightclub, Helga â€Å"had no intention of running away, but something, some imp of contumacy, drove her from his presence, though she longed to stay† (51). Once again, Helga succumbs to her overwhelming desire to leave an uncomfortable situation. Later she realizes with a â€Å"sense of helplessness and inevitability†¦that the weapon she had chosen had been a boomerang, for she herself had felt... ...at the advice she offers these women is looked upon with contempt. She begins to adapt to her life after Sary Jones advises her to â€Å"make de bes’ of et† but her efforts falter during her next pregnancy (125). Instead of making the best of her life, Helga hands over this responsibility to God which eventually leads to the same feeling of â€Å"dissatisfaction [and] asphyxiation that she felt in Naxos, New York and Copenhagen† (134). After all of her experiences, her inability to conform leads her right back to the same place she started from. It is obvious that Helga Crane will never truly be able to â€Å"fit in† in any society. It is apparent that Nella Larsen’s Quicksand is concerned with the naturalistic element of determinism. Helga Crane illustrates both a biological and sociological determinism in her animal instinct for â€Å"flight† and her inability to conform in any of her environments. Larsen’s ability to integrate these themes into the character of Helga proves that the Quicksand is not only representative of the Harlem Renaissance, but also of the naturalistic movement. Work Cited Larsen, Nella. Quicksand and Passing. Ed. Deborah E. McDowell. New Brunswick: Rutgers UP, 1986.

Jesus as a teacher Essay

Many business leaders of today should understand that one way to improve the output of their employees and human capital is to further increase their training. Although of course this would imply additional calls to the companies if they are the ones who would be shouldering the expenses, a cost-benefit analysis would show that education and investing in human capital is well worth the while and would result in higher profits. This lesson is learned from Jesus when he sent the disciples out to do the ministries, for he understood that it would be enough in just to lecture them on the teachings of God, but also to provide them with firsthand training experience as a foundation for he knew that the time would come that he would be gone (Thousand Oaks, 1993). In the Journal of financial business management, specifically the area of quantitative finance, Cruz underlines the popular method of management dynamics which is the deployment of skilled laborers that have undergone enough training to other franchises and branches of certain business or organization. This falls under matrix management, and a factor that the author claims must be gained and learned by many of the managers and leaders of large corporations with fast-moving goods. This allows for better training experience not only for the employees of the parent company for the constant reshuffling of skilled labor entices others to learn specialized skills, it is also allows for the other sister companies to provide their own trained labor the shuffled back into the system. A result of such management method would be better employees and skilled labor all throughout the system of the company. This is easily recognizable by the sending out of the 12 disciples for it reflects how the distribution of learned and skilled individuals entices others to do the same, letting the learning process grow exponentially over a large geographical location without necessarily having to sacrifice complete learning. One merely needs to look at how much Christianity has developed over the centuries, and if you look at our historical accounts, we realize that it was Jesus idea in the first place that started the missionary work that had allowed for other such institutions under the church to follow suit. (Cruz, 2000) A fast-moving product company, it is essential for leaders and managers to understand the basic needs of consumers in order to increase revenues and decrease costs of production – and eventually increase their profits. It is one thing for leaders and managers to understand the concepts behind the distribution methods of such a company, it is as yet again another thing for them to see firsthand how consumers act to certain variables in certain conditions. jesus as a teacher This, perhaps, is the single most important factor of leadership which we can learn from the teachings and actions of Jesus. We do not need any more to enumerate one by one the Gospels, chapters, and versus where Jesus has reflected such a value because we are already quite knowledgeable of the fact that all throughout the Gospel and all throughout the life of Jesus, he had been the embodiment of teaching. And although the Ministry in teaching was only in the time span of in and around three and half years, during that time he showed that he was the world’s master teacher. His teachings were not merely segregated to lectures for he had also performed the greatest actions and miracles of any story ever said or told (Singer-Towns, 2005). Also, unlike many people who preach about certain teachings and do not do the actions themselves, Jesus asked a teacher exemplified how one should practice what one preaches. He performed great miracles and plot a new way of life and its teachings was not only a modification of various teachings that were set before new ideas that came into existence only when he arrived. Another important factor to point out in discussing Jesus as a teacher is he did not teach very complicated concepts and ideas. Unlike modern teachers of various institutions and universities where one required at least an IQ of 130 in order to even barely understand what they are teaching, the teachings of Jesus were simple to use, words and interest, people. His teachings were so simple that almost anyone who had listened to him – according to the Gospels written – could easily understood him. And when the time came that people could not easily relate to the teachings, he had used one of the most popular tools that are readily available to teachers that only a few took advantage of. As a matter of fact, this method has been so associated with Jesus that dimension or the hearing of the word itself would bring to mind the person. What we are talking about are parables (Woolfe, 2000). Also, his teachings and illustrations and examples of the lessons that he wanted to deliver to those who were listening to him were so near and familiar to the listeners that they could easily understand him. Complicated principles are broken down into simple stories in order for people to truly understand what he was saying. This was also a ingenious way of escaping persecution by the Pharisees and scribes of the time, for who can say that it is illegal to say the truth life story with a special meaning. However again we again go back to the point that the things that she is up for still more important than his methods. What he had addressed his disciples and these listeners and eventually the Gospel were not merely modifications of fast philosophies, but rather a completely new way of life which he summed up in one sentence. Do unto others as you would have others do unto you. Just among the many of these teachings are his endless discussions with business cycles and followers about the kingdom of God. He made clear that he was the good news, and reminded everyone that the world is not out of control (Thomas Nelson, 2003). God is still in charge, but he has given us free will and not like merely machines that are wound up by the great creator. We have free will, and yet ruled by King, and that is God. Still another parable that had so much effect on his disciples and listeners as the parable of the sower. It was about a farmer who went out to sow his seeds which landed on many types of land, much like how we are. Also, a memorable parable that would perhaps stick with us as Roman Catholics were ever is a parable of the prodigal son. There are also many other parables that are located all throughout the Gospels which would be perhaps too long to enumerate here in our patent. That is just a flea stressing the fact that as a teacher, the device used by Jesus is very effective in delivering his thoughts. In our modern business setting, leaders of organizations should also be teachers. Teachers are not the only exclusive schools and universities. Indeed, many of the key personalities throughout our lives are also our teachers. However, as we progress towards time and we discover our professional selves, many of us have stopped becoming teachers and started to think that we are all merely cogs in a great machine, not anymore responsible for any other people and do not anymore want to share the knowledge that we have gained. It is a common malpractice and misconceptions many of the presidents and managers of business organizations today that they do not need anymore to teach their subordinates. They expect that subordinates can learn for themselves and that employees need practical training experience in order to survive. As we have discussed earlier in this paper, this is true, however, it is also essential or leaders and business managers to share their knowledge and experience to other employees in the elements of their human capital not only in order to increase their profits but also as a basic responsibility of being an employer. Leaders, first and foremost, must be lifelong learners. This is not the first time we hear of this when in face with the leadership. However, some may find its leaders may also be teachers could be a new idea. Some teachers see themselves as experts in their fields and it is their role to impart knowledge to students or empty vessels. However, some see themselves as guides to share what they know, but understand that some students may also already have the proper knowledge that they need. Any of the two are positive traits, as one can readily observe, but in order for us to truly integrate the teachings of Jesus as lead, we must not only teach because of our selfish desires and to increase our utilities or satisfaction levels. We must teach because of love, and it is because of love that Jesus imparts his knowledge – the desire to save humankind. Some say the great teachers have within them not only purpose but the smallest passion. And if that is the case, what better way to express this point than by dining in the cross. What better way for him to let us understand that he was truly passionate about what he taught and that what he said was actually true then by sacrificing his own life for us, but spilling the blood and saving us. Also, we wanted we could learn from Jesus as a teacher which also should be applied by modern leaders of businesses is that we should hear it very important points. Although it is not readily obvious in the Gospel and the life story of Jesus, if we observe his teachings one by one, we would eventually notice that there are only basically a handful of concepts that he wanted people to understand and realize, and that each and every time he presented it in a rather different form. This has allowed them to repeat the important points of what he wanted to say and allowed his listeners to remember is more clearly.

The Vroom Expectancy Theory of Motivation

The Vroom Expectancy Theory of Motivation The Vroom Expectancy Theory is â€Å"based on the premise that telt needs cause human behavior† and that motivation strength depends on an Individual's degree of desire to perform a behavior (Certo ; certo, 2008). As an Individual recognizes a need, they will more than likely employ an action to satisfy that need. The motivational strength will also fluctuate correspondingly with their desire. If the desire Increases, so will the motivation.The opposite Is true as well. In equation form, motivation strength equals the perceived result value of performing behavior multiplied by the perceived robability that the result will actually materialize (Certo ; Certo, 2008). For example, consider anovice stockbroker in training who was has been given a one-month probationary period to earn a position and make $500 commission from any successful trades. Assuming they really want the Job. the motivation strength. r desire would be calculated as th eir perception of the value of that position with the bonus in relation to their perception of the probability that they can successfully trade during the trial. As the stockbroker's perceived value of the two rewards and erceived probability that they would be able to achieve increases, their motivation strength to obtain those rewards will also increase. To put it briefly, the key to the Vroom expectancy Expectancy tTheory is whether the individual perceives a positive relationship between ettort, performance, and reward.The advantages and Ilmltatlons of the vroom Expectancy Theory can be expressed as follows (Expectancy Theory of Motivation): Advantages of the Expectancy Theory It Is based on self-interest individuals who want to achieve maximum satisfaction and who want to minimize dissatisfaction. ? This theory stresses upon the expectations and perception; what Is real and actual Is Immaterial. It emphasizes on rewards or pay-offs. It focuses on psychological extravagance wher e final objective of Individual is to attain maximum pleasure and least pain.Limitations of the Expectancy Theory The expectancy theory seems to be idealistic because quite a few individuals perceive high degree correlation between performance and rewards. The application of this theory is limited. as reward is not directly correlated with performance In many organizations. It is related to other parameters also such as osition, effort, responsibility, education, etc. lnA Question of Motivationcase study, the Vroom Expectancy Theory relates to both workers.The theory suggests that individuals can be motivated if they believe that there is a positive correlation between efforts, performance, and rewards (Expectancy Theory of Motivation). In the case of Alex, he is not motivated at all to perform his duties assigned by Dan due to the lack ot rewards received tor his efforts. He sarcastically stated,†l don't even care anymore. what's the point? If I stock more apples, or somethin g meaningless like that, hat does It get me-another sucker that says ‘good Job? HIS performance and efforts does not have a positive Impact on the correlation to his rewards, which decreases his motivation strength. Stephanie on the other hand has a different relationship with her boss Jonathon and appears very motivated by the reward he will offer for Stephanie illustrated her enthusiasm by saying â€Å"lif I sell the oil Jonathon said that he'll give me a $75 bonus,. Sso I'm definitely going to give it a shot. † Her motivation strength is determined by her perception of the $75 bonus and probability that she can sell the oil to receive that reward.As her perceived value of the $75 reward and perceived probability that she can successfully sell the oil increases, her motivation strength to sell 10 bottles of truffle oil next week also increases. In both situations, the Vroom Expectancy Theory illustrates how it â€Å"is all about the attractiveness or appeal of the po tential reward to the individual†(Expectancy Theory of Motivation). Antoine, I think this is a great paper, however, the first two pages you are giving us a lot of information on what Vroom Theory is and not a lot of how it relates to the case study†¦ again, it is a great paper though :